超高产水稻生育后期剑叶光合生理特性变化的研究

笔者研究了黑龙江省第一积温带5个产量不同的主栽品种生育后期剑叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率和RuBP羧化酶活性变化规律。结果表明：超高产品种生育后期的剑叶叶绿素含量、光合速率和RuBP羧化酶活性均高于常规品种,品种间差异显著。因此,将剑叶生育后期叶绿素含量、净光合速率和RuBP羧化酶活性的变化研究,作为寒地粳稻高光效育种和超高产育种中的一项措施是可行的。     

Chilling Stress Accelerates Degradation of Seed Storage Protein and Photosynthetic Protein during Cotton Seed Germination

Low temperature is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting the productivity and geographical distribution of many important crops. To gain a better understanding of chilling stress responses in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L . ), we carried out a comparative proteomic analysis. Cotyledon proteins of 1-week-old cotton seedlings treated with or without chilling treatment at 4 °C were extracted, separated by a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and compared. Among 1500 protein spots reproducibly detected on each gel, 25 protein spots were down-regulated and 29 were up-regulated. Seven cotton proteins were identified by mass spectrometry analysis as beta-globulin A precursor fragments. One was identified as a Rubisco large subunit fragment, providing evidence of both seed storage protein and photosynthetic protein destruction by chilling stress. The related physiological and biochemical analysis showed that there was a significant increase in endopeptidase activity and activated oxygen generation rate, and an obvious decrease in carboxylation efficiency and maximum net photosynthetic rate of cotton seedlings under chilling stress. Based on the above results, the degradation mechanisms of beta-globulin and Rubisco under chilling stress were discussed. In conclusion, our study provides new insights into chilling-stress responses in cotton and demonstrates the advantages of proteomic analysis.     

小麦叶片胞间隙蛋白的提取与鉴定

采用真空渗入离心法,通过特定的装置并在不同的离心力和时间条件下分离小麦叶片胞间隙液,结合十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)技术,以胞内高含量的蛋白-Rubisco大亚基为胞内物污染的指示,利用高效价的兔抗Rubisco抗体进行Western-blotting检测分析。结果表明,在离心力为3 000g,离心时间为10,15和20 min所提的胞间隙液量最大,且均检测到Rubisco的污染。结合胞间隙液的产率确定小麦叶片胞间隙液提取最佳的离心条件应为离心力1 000~2 500 g,时间15~20 min。     

适度水分胁迫提高黄瓜幼苗光合作用弱光适应性

以黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L.）‘戴多星’品种为试材,在人工气候室内研究弱光（75 ~ 85 μmol · m-2 · s-1）下水分胁迫（40%基质最大持水量）对幼苗叶片光合、荧光特性及Rubisco含量的影响。结果表明,弱光逆境下,经20 d水分胁迫后的幼苗较正常水分条件下叶片光合色素（以单位面积计）含量提高,叶绿素a/b（Chl.a/b）下降,植株光饱和光合速率Asat、表观量子效率（AQY）、羧化效率（CE）、RuBP最大再生速率及光饱和点（LSP）均显著增加,CO2补偿点（CCP）显著下降,并且光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、潜在光化学效率（Fv/Fo）、PSⅡ光化学量子效率（ΦPSⅡ）、光化学反应速率（Prate）、非环式电子传递速率（J）以及PSⅡ吸收光能向光化学反应分配比例P等叶绿素荧光参数呈增加趋势,PSⅠ和PSⅡ间激发能分配不平衡性（β / α–1）减小,叶片可溶性蛋白质含量和Rubisco大、小亚基含量上升,表明适度的水分胁迫有利于提高弱光下黄瓜幼苗的光合适应性;而正常光照下（500 ~ 600 μmol · m-2 · s-1）经水分胁迫后的黄瓜幼苗上述主要光合特性指标如Asat、RuBP最大再生速率、CE、ΦPSⅡ、Prate、J和P等有所下降,光系统间激发能分配不平衡性（β / α–1）增加,光合作用受到一定抑制。     

超高产水稻生育后期剑叶光合生理特性变化的研究

笔者研究了黑龙江省第一积温带5个产量不同的主栽品种生育后期剑叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率和RuBP羧化酶活性变化规律.结果表明:超高产品种生育后期的剑叶叶绿素含量、光合速率和RuBP羧化酶活性均高于常规品种,品种间差异显著.因此,将剑叶生育后期叶绿素含量、净光合速率和RuBP羧化酶活性的变化研究,作为寒地粳稻高光效育种和超高产育种中的一项措施是可行的.     

水稻光合关键酶类在光合日变化中的作用

研究了2个水稻品种的剑叶净光合速率(Pn)、Rubisco初始活力和Rubisco活化酶活力、Rubisco活化酶含量和ATP含量的日变化，以明确在体内Rubisco活化酶是否对光合作用和Rubisco活力的日变化起调节作用。结果表明，2个品种剑叶的Pn、Rubisco初始活力和Rubisco活化酶活力在一天内变化较大，三者的日变化模式基本一致，即具有两个峰     

Varietal Differences in Photosynthetic Rates in Rice Plants,with Special Reference to the Nitrogen Content of Leaves

Abstract

The photosynthetic rate in the fl ag leaf of rice at the full heading stage was examined in three japonica varieties, Koshihikari, Aikoku and Asanohikari, and the indica high-yielding variety Takanari at the same level of leaf nitrogen. At an ambient CO₂ concentration of 350 µL L-₁, Takanari had a higher photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance than the japonica varieties when plants were compared at a leaf nitrogen content of approximately 1.5 g m-₂. Stomatal conductance increased considerably with increases in leaf nitrogen content in the japonica varieties. As a result, at a leaf nitrogen content of approximately 2.0 g m-₂, differences in terms of the photosynthetic rate among varieties were small. By contrast, there were no clear varietal differences in Rubisco content at any identical nitrogen content of leaves. We conclude that stomatal conductance is responsible for the varietal differences in photosynthetic rate examined at the same leaf nitrogen content.     

小麦Rubisco抗体的制备和旗叶中Rubisco含量的ELISA测定

Rubisco(核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶)为光合生物中的关键性酶。以小麦(Triticum aestivum L. cv.)叶片为材料，在(NH4)2SO4盐析和DEAE-Sepharose F F层析纯化的基础上添加了Sephacryl S 300分子筛，进一步纯化了Rubisco。 将纯化的Rubisco免疫大白兔制备了Rubisco的多克隆抗体， 经Western blot检测，Rubisco抗体与Rubisco呈免疫反应特异性。并运用Rubisco抗体，采用ELISA方法直接测定小麦旗叶生长发育过程中Rubisco含量的变化，结果表明：不同生长阶段，旗叶的Rubisco含量与光合速率大小呈正相关。该方法比免疫沉淀法更为快捷、准确。     

钾营养对水稻剑叶光合作用关键酶活性的影响

低钾导致净光合速率下降,Rubisoo及Rubisco活化酶活性和含量均降低,其中尤以Rubisco初始活性的降低为最大;低钾处理水稻抽穗当天剑叶叶绿素含量还高于正常钾处理,但随着剑叶衰老,降低较快.外源钾对Rubisco及Rubisco活化酶活性影响的研究表明,钾离子对光合有关酶类没有直接的活化作用.     

水分胁迫条件下不同形态氮素营养对水稻叶片光合效率的调控机理研究

 【目的】研究不同形态氮素和水分胁迫耦合作用下水稻的光合生理特性。【方法】采用营养液培养及聚乙二醇（PEG，6000）模拟水分胁迫的方法，研究不同形态氮素营养和水分胁迫耦合作用下水稻叶片光合特性及1，5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶（Rubisco）含量的变化规律，分析羧化效率（CE）、全氮含量、可溶性蛋白与Rubisco含量之间的关系。【结果】在水分胁迫条件下，NH4+-N营养水稻新完全展开叶中Rubisco含量与非水分胁迫下的相比显著增加，单位Rubisco活性（CE/Rubisco含量）与非水分胁迫条件下相应供氮形态处理相比下降了13.3%；而NO3--N营养水稻的Rubisco含量则明显降低，单位Rubisco活性下降了23.0%。因此，水分胁迫对NH4+-N营养水稻单位Rubisco活性的抑制作用小于供NO3--N营养水稻；其次，水分胁迫提高了NH4+-N营养水稻新完全展开叶的全氮含量，而对NO3--N营养水稻则无明显影响；此外，水分胁迫虽然也明显增加了3种形态氮素营养条件下水稻新完全展开叶中可溶性蛋白的含量，但其对NH4+-N营养水稻的Rubisco含量占可溶性蛋白的比例无显著影响，而对NO3--N营养水稻则有显著的降低效应。【结论】水分胁迫对供NH4+-N营养水稻光合效率的抑制效应小于供NO3--N营养水稻。